28th Annual General Meeting (AGM) – 2026

The Institution of Public Health Engineers (IPHE), India – Kolkata Regional Centre hereby notifies all Corporate Members that the 28th Annual General Meeting (AGM) for the year 2026 will be held as per the details below:

Date

27 June 2026 (Saturday)

Time

5:30 PM onwards

Venue

IPHE Bhavan (Ground Floor)

CK–58, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700091

The meeting will be convened to transact the business of the Annual General Meeting as outlined below. Members are requested to attend and actively participate.

Agenda

Confirmation of the minutes of the 27th Annual General Meeting held on 28 June 2025.

Presentation of the Annual Report by the Secretary followed by discussion and approval by the General Body.

Presentation of Audited Accounts by the Treasurer followed by discussion and approval by the General Body.

Appointment of Auditor for the year 2026–2027 and fixation of remuneration.

Discussion of any other business brought forward by members with prior notice of seven days after receipt of AGM notice.

Address by the President, IPHE India.

Miscellaneous matters.

Chairman’s Address.

Vote of Thanks.

Followed by Packed Dinner

RSVP

Members are requested to kindly confirm their presence.

Contact: 9123395662

Issued by

Tarun Kr. Dutta

Secretary

IPHE Kolkata Regional Centre

Annual General Meeting (AGM) 2026–2027 – IPHE India, Tripura Centre

The Institution of Public Health Engineers (IPHE), India – Tripura Centre is pleased to announce that the Annual General Meeting (AGM) for the year 2026–2027 will be held as per the schedule below.

Date

14 June 2026 (Sunday)

Time

10:00 AM onwards

Venue

PWD Conference Hall, Netaji Chowmuhani, Agartala, West Tripura

All Corporate Members of IPHE India, Tripura Centre are cordially invited to attend and participate in the proceedings.

Programme Schedule

Session I – Inaugural Session

Reception of dignitaries on the dais

Welcome Address by the Secretary, IPHE Tripura Centre

Address by Er. C. Debnath, National Vice President, IPHE India

Address by Er. Anup Das, Chief Engineer, PWD (DWS), Government of Tripura

Address by the Secretary, PWD (DWS), Government of Tripura

Address by the Secretary, UDD, Government of Tripura

Technical Presentation on Water Pollution within Agartala City

Presidential Address by the Chairman, IPHE India, Tripura Centre

Session II – Business Session

Confirmation of minutes of the previous AGM held on 9 August 2025

Presentation of Annual Report (2025–2026)

Presentation of Financial Report (FY 2025–2026)

Discussion and adoption of annual and financial reports

Appointment of Auditor for FY 2026–2027 and fixation of remuneration

Closing Address by the Chairman

General Discussion

Open discussion among members on activities of IPHE India, Tripura Centre, including the proposed National Convention.

Note: Buffet lunch will be served after the meeting.

We look forward to your gracious presence and active participation.

IPHE - World Environment Day 2026

The Institution of Public Health Engineers (IPHE), India and its Kolkata Centre will jointly observe World Environment Day 2026 on 9 June 2026 (Tuesday) at 6:00 PM at IPHE Auditorium, Salt Lake, Kolkata.

The programme will bring together distinguished academicians, environmental experts, policymakers and professionals to discuss key environmental challenges and sustainable development initiatives.

Chief Guest

Prof. (Dr.) Ajoy Kr. Roy

Padma Shri Awardee, Former Director of IIEST Shibpur, Professor at IIT Kharagpur and Director, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research (JISIASR)

Guests of Honour

Prof. (Dr.) K. M. Agarwal – Director, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management

Sri Debal Ray, IFS – Former Principal Secretary, Department of Forest, Government of West Bengal (Theme Speaker)

Dr. S. P. Gon Chaudhuri – Strategic Renewable Energy Advisor, Visiting Professor, IIEST Shibpur, Chairman, Ashden India Renewable Energy Collective

Er. Mrinal Kanti Biswas – Regional Director, Central Pollution Control Board

Chair

Prof. Arunabha Majumder

Emeritus Professor, Jadavpur University and President, IPHE India

Programme Schedule

5:30 PM – 6:00 PM: Registration

6:00 PM – 6:05 PM: Invocation

6:05 PM – 6:15 PM: Presentation of Flower Bouquet

6:15 PM – 6:20 PM: Welcome Address

6:20 PM – 6:30 PM: Introduction and Objectives of World Environment Day 2026

6:30 PM – 8:10 PM: Addresses by Chief Guest, Chair and Guests of Honour

8:05 PM – 8:10 PM: Vote of Thanks

Followed by High Tea

All members, professionals, students and interested participants are cordially invited to attend and join the collective commitment towards environmental awareness and climate action.

The Institution of Engineers (India) - Online Webinar on World Environment Day 2026

The Institution of Engineers (India), in association with Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Bengaluru, and Institution of Public Health Engineers (IPHE), Karnataka, is pleased to invite students, academicians, professionals, and environmental enthusiasts to an online webinar on the occasion of World Environment Day 2026.

Theme

“Inspired by Nature. For Climate. For Our Future”

Webinar Topic

Fate and Transport of Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment

Speaker

Er. Ravindra

Consulting Civil Engineer – Water and Environmental Engineering

Date & Time

Date: 5 June 2026 (Friday)

Time: 10:00 AM – 11:00 AM

Programme Highlights

Welcome Address: Dr. H K Ramaraju

Chairman, IEI, KSC & Vice Principal & Head, Civil Engineering Department, DSCE, Bengaluru

Inaugural Address: Er. R P Mallik

Chairman, IPHE, Karnataka

Vote of Thanks: Dr. H N Sowmya

Associate Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru

Platform

Google Meet

https://meet.google.com/qsv-qavp-kfc

Coordinators

Prof. Vidyashree J and Harshitha M

All interested participants are warmly invited to join and contribute to discussions on environmental sustainability and climate action.

IPHE Delhi Centre - World Environment Day 2026

 Institution of Public Health Engineers (IPHE)

Delhi Regional Centre

Cordially invites you to a Workshop on

World Environment Day 2026

On Friday, 5th June 2026, 5:00 pm onwards

Theme

A Global Call for Climate Action

“Inspired by Nature. For Climate. For Our Future”

Advertisement Quotations for Exterior Painting Works

The Advertisement inviting quotations for exterior painting works including civil repairing works in IPHE Office building posted in IPHE Website and published in Laban Hard Sambad on 24.09.2025 may be referred to the last date for receipt of quotations was fixed as 27.10.2025 (5:00 PM). The last date is hereby extended to 29.11.2025.

(S K Mukherjee)

Secretary General

Second Prof. Kumar Jyoti Nath Memorial Lecture

Institution of Public Health Engineers, India will organise the Second Prof. Kumar Jyoti Nath Memorial Lecture at 6.00 p.m. on 29th October, 2025 at IPHE Auditorium, Salt Lake, Kolkata.

Sri Chandi Charan Dey Former Coordinator, WASH, Ramakrishna Mission Lokasiksha Parishad , Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, has kindly consented to deliver the Memorial Lecture on “Sanitation is a Way of Life” by Power Point Presentation.

The programme will be presided over by Prof. Arunabha Majumder, President, IPHE, India. You are requested to attend the programme and take part in the deliberations.

PROGRAMME

29th October, 2025 (Wednesday)

6:00 P.M. : Registration

6.30 P.M. : Welcome Address by Sri Tarun Kumar Dutta, Secretary, IPHE, India

6.40 P.M. : Second Prof. Kumar Jyoti Nath Memorial Lecture by Sri Chandi Charan Dey, Former Coordinator, WASH, Ramakrishna Mission Lokasiksha Parishad, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur

7.10 P.M. : Open House Discussion

7:25 P.M. : Presidential Address by Prof. Arunabha Majumder, President, IPHE, India

7.40 P.M. : Vote of thanks by Er. Asraful Islam, Editor, IPHE, India

Programme will followed by High Tea

How 24/7 Water Supply Possible in India | TECHNICAL TALK

IPHE Auditorium, March 10, 2025

The Institution of Public Health Engineers, India (IPHE) marked Public Health Engineers Day by hosting a Technical Talk at its Salt Lake auditorium. The event gathered experts and professionals to discuss the latest developments and challenges in public health engineering.

Sri Tanay Kumar Das, former Chief Engineer (Civil), Northern Zone, PHE Directorate, West Bengal, delivered the keynote, sharing insights on sustainable water management, sanitation, and infrastructure development.

The session highlighted the need for innovation and stronger public health systems, reinforcing IPHE’s role in promoting knowledge-sharing and professional growth in the sector.

IPHE Council 2020-21

 

NEWS & MESSAGE OF CONDOLENCE – SAD DEMISE OF PROF. S J ARCEIVALA

We the members of Institution of Public Health Engineers, India are shocked and deeply aggrieved to receive the news of passing away of Prof. S J Arceivala, a great & respected personality in the profession of Public Health & Environmental Engineering.

Let his soul rest in peace.

We have no word to express our grief that we can convey to Professor’s family – it is so deep and touching to all of us.


S K Neogi
Secretary General
Institution of Public Health Engineers, India

Extra-Ordinary Annual General Meeting of IPHE

From: S K Neogi, Secretary General, IPHE, India
To: All Corporate Members of IPHE, India

Sub: Notice for the Extra-Ordinary Annual General Meeting of IPHE

Dear Member,

Kindly recall that The Extra-Ordinary General Meeting of the Institution convened and held on 26th February, 2017 was adjourned sine die. the adjourned meeting will now be held at 12:30 PM on Saturday, the 19th November, 2017 in IPHE Building at CK-58, Salt Lake, Kolkata - 700091.

The Agenda for transaction in the adjourned meeting shall be the same as those for the original meeting which are reproduced below:

Agenda

1) To consider and approve Amendment of Constitution of the Institution. The draft proposals for Amendment of the Constitution approved by the Council in its meeting held on 12th September, 2016 may be seen in the Institution website: www.ipheindia.com.
2) Miscellaneous

Annual General Meeting of IPHE 2016-2017

From: S K Neogi, Secretary General, IPHE, India
To: All Corporate Members of IPHE, India

Sub: Notice for the Annual General Meeting of IPHE 2016-2017

Dear Member,

The Annual General Meeting (2016-2017) of IPHE will be held at IPHE Bldg, CK-58, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 on Sunday, the 19th November, 2017 at 10:00 M to transact the following Agenda. You are cordially invited to attend the Meeting.

Agenda

1) Confirmation of the Minutes of the last AGM held on 20th November, 2016.
2) Presentation of the Annual Report by the Secretary General followed by discussion and adoption.
3) Presentation of Financial Report for the year 2016-17 by the Treasurer, proposal for appointment of Auditor for the year 2017-18 and fixing up of their remuneration.
4) Discussion on Financial Report and acceptance of the Audited Accounts including appointment of Auditor(s) for the FY2016-2017 their remuneration and adoption.
5) Address by President Prof. K. J. Nath.
6) Miscellaneous.

Working lunch at 1 P.M.

Notice (26 September 2017)

Proposed Revised Structural Relationship of the Centres / Regional Centres with the Institution of Public Health Engineers, India duly cleared by the Council of IPHE, India in its 9th meeting (2016-2018) held on 9th September, 2017 at IPHE Building, CK-58, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091 is attached seeking refinements, if any, from the Corporate Members of this Institution.

Members are requested to please go through the contents and suggest modification (s), if any, to enable this Institution to undertake administrative reforms for its smooth functioning.

Suggestion, if any, should reach us latest by 17th October, 2017.

(S K Neogi)
Secretary General
IPHE, India


Proposal for Modified Inter-se Relation bet. HQ. and RC PDF File

Role of Engineers in Infrastructure, Energy & Irrigation

Respected Sir/Madam

Sub: National Seminar on Role of Engineers in Infrastructure, Energy & Irrigation to be held at DSCE on 27 Sept 2017 – Reg.

“Seasonal Greetings”

I am very happy to inform you that the Department of Civil Engineering is organizing National seminar on Role of Engineers in Infrastructure, Energy & Irrigation on the occasion of Engineers day to commemorate the 157th birthday of Sir.M.Visvesvaraya.

Herewith first information brochure is enclosed.


With Regards,

Dr.H.K.Ramaraju
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Shavige Malleswara Hills, K S Layout, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka,INDIA
Mobile:09845625608, Fax +91 80 26660789, Office:08042161619
Ph. : +91 8026662226 / 26665926


>>Brochure 1
>>Brochure 2 (Registration Form)
>>Brochure 3

JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERS, INDIA Guidelines For Authors

Authors are requested to go through the following requirements and ensure adherence to these before mailing the technical papers for publishing in JIPHE. Possibility of delayed publication or non-publication can thus be avoided to a great extent. It is to be noted that acceptance of a paper for publication in JIPHE depends finally on the decision of the advisory council.

(A) Contribution : Papers based on practical experience, case studies and popular issues related to Public Health Engineering/Environmental Engineering are particularly welcome. Research findings related to above may also be sent.

(B) Length : Not more than 3000 words all inclusive (i.e. space for tables, figures etc duly considered as included) - preferably within 2500 words.

(C) Manuscript :

(a) Mode of presentation: Third Person.

(b) Quality of presentation : Brief, to the point, lucid and without repetition.

(c) Error-Freeness : Free from errors and omissions - typographical, grammatical, syntactical, punctuationwise and in spelling. Spelling should be British English as per concise Oxford Dictionary.

(d) Page Number : All pages must be numbered indicating serial number of each page and total number of pages contained in the paper, e.g. 3 of 5 indicating third page of a five paged paper.

(e) Identification : Each page must bear an identification of Article and name(s) of Author(s) in short at the top of each page.

(f) Choice of Types : Must be neat and sharp and should be such that differentiation of similar characters (e.g. 1, I&l) is possible such as Times New Roman, for example.

(g) Order of contents :

(i) Brief Title.

(ii) Name(s) of Author(s) with designation

(IPHE Membership grade and number is to be mentioned for a member author for our record.)

(iii) Abstract.

(iv) List of Notation.

(v) Body of Paper - with preferably not more than two (2) grades of subheadings.

(vi) Acknowledgement.

(vii) References and/or Bibliography

(viii) Full contact address(es) with postal PIN Codes, e-mail, Fax and Telephone Nos. of the Author(s) – Corresponding Author being specially marked.

(h) References and/or Bibliography : References shall be sequentially numbered (denoted by bracketed superscript numeral) in order of citation in the text. A list provided at the end under the title References shall have the details in the same numerical order of citation in the text. Whichever has been listed in the Reference List must be cited in the text and whichever has been cited in the text must be listed in the Reference List.

Bibliography is the title under which publications generally used in preparing the paper as help or source — but without any specific citation in the text — shall be listed.

Bibliography shall come after References if both are provided in the paper.

(i) Photographs, Illustrations, Graphs, Bar charts, Pie charts etc.These we are not in a position to print in colour and hence: these, in Original Photographs & Tracings and/or in Soft Copy must be of such quality that clear, sharp and legible Black & White reproduction is ensured. Photocopies or clippings of printed matters shall not be accepted unless very essential.

(j) Tables : Each must be numbered and be cited in the text.

(k) Unit : Shall be SI Units along with other units in parenthesis if necessary.

(D) Special Information :

(a) Paper-sheets used in the manuscript shall be in A4 size. Typing shall be on one side in double space leaving ample margin at the left side.

(b) Hard copies of manuscripts, securedly stitched, must be sent in Duplicate along with a soft copy secured enough against damage or breakage during transit.

(c) A paper is to be sent under coverage of a forwarding letter signed by the author(s). The forwarding letter shall contain a declaration ensuring :

(i) that the paper submitted is original

(ii) that the article has not already been sent for publication/published in JIPHE or anywhere else.

(d) Papers shall be submitted to : Editor, JIPHE, Institution of Public Health Engineers, India, CK-58, Salt Lake City (Near Tank No. 9), Kolkata - 700 091.

List for Last Minute Checks before sending a paper

Clause B : Length /Word limit.

Clause C (c) : Error-freeness.

Clause C (d) : Page numbers.

Clause C (e) : Identification.

Clause C (f) : Choice of types.

Clause C (g-ii) : Name(s) of Author(s)/IPHE Membership

Clause C (g-viii) : Contact address(es)/corresponding author.

Clause C (h) : References and/or Bibliography.

Clause C (i) : Photographs Illustrations, Graphs, Bar Charts, Pie Charts etc.

Clause D(b) : No. of hard copies/soft copy/securedness.

Clause D(c) : Forwarding Letter/Declaration.

Clause D(d) : Correctness of postal address/addresses.

EDITORIAL

One of the flagship projects recently launched by Govt. of India for improving quality of life in cities is Swachh Bharat Abhijan (Urban) Indian's urban population, as per Census 2011, is 377 million i.e. 31% of total population and this figure is likely to increase to 600 million by 2031. In 4041 statutory towns, close to eight million household do not have access to toilets and residents in these households defecate in the open. Untreated waste thus generated is the single biggest source of pollution of water resources.

"Swachh Bharat Mission" was therefore launched on 2nd October, 2014 for ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the nation. Two main objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) are elimination of open defecation by construction of individual toilets, public toilets and community toilets, and eradication of manual scavenging by and scientific solid waste management.

Two key strategies under SBM (Urban) are to generate awareness about sanitation and its likeage with public health, hygiene and environment and to effect behavioural change regarding healthy sanitation practices. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign has to be carried out more extensively for the purpose, so that target set up by SBM for achievement by Oct. 2, 2019, which is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, is reached.

This issue of the journal contains eight assorted articles in addition to usual features like "Notes and News", "Our Members", etc.

While thanking our learned authors for their valuable contributions, we would request the authors of pending articles to bear with us for some more time.

May I request the learned reader to offer their valuable suggestion for improving various features of the journal.

Editor, JIPHE

EDITORIAL

The theme of this year's celebration of World Water Day is "Waste Water"and the Campaign is "Why Waste Water".

Target set in Sustainable Development Goal (SDC) requires that by 2030, the proportion of untreated waste water should be halved and there should be substantial increase in recycling and safe reuse of waste water globally. Global demand for water is expected to grow by 50% by 2030 and most this demand shall be in cities. Consequently, quantity of waste water generated and its overall pollution load shall be increasing globally. But waste water management is grossly undervalued as a potentially affordable and sustainable souce of water, energy, nutrients and other recoverable materials. In fact, reused waste water from cities could address challenges like food production and industrial development. Through industrial symbiosis waste water can be used within business itself or between several businesses, as on an average, industrial water consumption is responsible for 22% of global water use. Agriculture in many countries is a potential source of environmental pollution due to use of chemical, fertilizers and pesticides. Improved waste water management can improve the health of workers by reducing risk of pathogen exposure. It may also create direct and indirect jobs in water dependent sectors. As such waste water could be seen not as a burden to be disposal of, but as a potential resources as its reuse after suitable treatment can provide economic and financial benefit.

This issue of the journal contains 8 assorted articles. Other usual features like "IPHE News", "Our Members", "Notes and News" have also been incorporated in this issue.

We would once again request our learned readers to offer their valuable suggestions for improving various features of the journal.

Editor, JIPHE

3 Volume XXXXV ● Number 1 ● April 2017

Authors are requested to go through the following requirements and ensure adherence to these before mailing the technical papers for publishing in JIPHE. Possibility of delayed publication or non-publication can thus be avoided to a great extent. It is to be noted that acceptance of a paper for publication in JIPHE depends finally on the decision of the advisory council. (A) Contribution : Papers based on practical experience, case studies and popular issues related to Public Health Engineering/Environmental Engineering are particularly welcome. Research findings related to above may also be sent. (B) Length : Not more than 3000 words all inclusive (i.e. space for tables, figures etc duly considered as included) - preferably within 2500 words. (C) Manuscript :

(a) Mode of presentation: Third Person. (b) Quality of presentation : Brief, to the point, lucid

and without repetition. (c) Error-Freeness : Free from errors and omissions - typographical, grammatical, syntactical, punctuationwise and in spelling. Spelling should be British English as per concise Oxford Dictionary. (d) Page Number : All pages must be numbered indicating serial number of each page and total number of pages contained in the paper, e.g. 3 of 5 indicating third page of a five paged paper. (e) Identification : Each page must bear an identification of Article and name(s) of Author(s) in short at the top of each page. (f) Choice of Types : Must be neat and sharp and should be such that differentiation of similar characters (e.g. 1, I&l) is possible such as Times New Roman, for example. (g) Order of contents :

(i) Brief Title. (ii) Name(s) of Author(s) with designation

(IPHE Membership grade and number is to be mentioned for a member author for our record.) (iii) Abstract. (iv) List of Notation. (v) Body of Paper - with preferably not more than two (2) grades of subheadings. (vi) Acknowledgement. (vii) References and/or Bibliography (viii) Full contact address(es) with postal PIN Codes, e-mail, Fax and Telephone Nos. of the Author(s) – Corresponding Author being specially marked. (h) References and/or Bibliography : References shall be sequentially numbered (denoted by bracketed superscript numeral) in order of citation in the text. A list provided at the end under the title References shall have the details in the same numerical order of citation in the text. Whichever has been listed in the Reference List must be cited in the text and whichever has been cited in the text must be listed in the Reference List.

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Lakshmi C. Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SJBIT

ABSTRACT

Energy is one of the most important factors for human development and to global prosperity. Present study deals with recovery of energy from anaerobically digested biomass resources such as cattle dung and hostel kitchen organic waste. In this regard anaerobic digester at lab level is fabricated to utilize the institute canteen waste for producing the biogas. Biogas production is a Clean, low carbon technology, useful for the efficient management and conversion of organic waste into clean renewable biogas and organic manure/fertilizers. It will give extensive knowledge of Design aspects of Biogas reactor and maintenance of reactor during the process. It has the potential for leveraging sustain-able livelihood development as well as tackling local and global land, air and water pollution. Also decomposed slurry/waste used as manure for gardening purpose. The amount of methane present in biogas is found to be 65%.To segregate methane from other gases such as H2S and Co2 purification by lime treatment is adopted. Further from the experimental work it was observed that bio methane is best alternative compared to LPG in respect of calorific value biogas and emission study. The present work will be worthy for academicians and people dealing with bio-energy, environmental pollution.

Key words : Anaerobic digestion, biomass.

INTRODUCTION

Improper solid waste management leads to substantial negative environmental impacts for example, pollution of air, soil and water, and gene- ration of greenhouse gases from landfills, and health and safety problems due to diseases spread by insects and rodents attracted by garbage heaps, and diseases associated with different forms of pollution. Municipal authorities charged with responsibility of providing municipal solid waste management services have found it increasingly difficult to play this role. The difficulty has been aggravated by lack of effective legislation, inade- quate funds, and services, and inability of municipal authorities to provide the services cost-efficiently. The upshot is that an increasing proportion of

because organic carbon can serve both as a source of energy and cell carbon, more carbon is required than for Eg. Nitrogen.

Activity has essentially ceased as a humus material commonly known as compost.

This paper was presented in the National Seminar on "Swatchh Bharat Drive for Solid Waste Management" held at Bangalore on 23rd September 2016

urban dwellers in developing countries, particularly the urban poor, will lack access to municipal solid waste management services and, consequently, suffer from pollution-related environmental and health problems. Fortunately, there are ways of dealing with or, at least, minimizing this problem.

MATERIALS ANDMETHODOLOGY

Solid waste management is the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid waste in a manner in accordance with best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations that is also responsive to public attitudes. This study also includes administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of solid waste. All the waste from human and animal activity that are normally solids and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It refers to heterogeneous mass throw away from the urban community as well as the more homogeneous accumulation of agriculture, industrial and mineral waste. Some other common terms applied to solid waste are refuges, garbage and rubbish. The term refuse and solid waste are used more or less unanimously although the later term is preferred.

Aerobic Composting Microbiology

Fusing the aerobic composting process a succession of facultative and obligate aerobic micro organisms is active. In the beginning shares of composting rite, thermophilic bacteria predominate leading to thermophilic fungi, which appear after 5-10 days. In the final stages or caring period as it is sometimes known actinomycetes and molds appear because significant concentration of their micro-organisms may not be present. Critical parameters in the control of aerobic composting process include moisture content, C/N ratio, and temperature for most biodegradable organic waste once the moisture content is brought to a suitable level (50 to 60%) and the mass aerated microbial metabolism speeds up. The aerobic micro organic matter develop bell tissue from nitrogen, phos- phorus, some of the carbon and the other required nutrients. Much of carbon serves as a source of energy for the organisms and is burnt up and respired as CO

2

5 Volume XXXXV ● Number 1 ● April 2017

Lakshmi C.

Aerobic Deposition Technology

Anaerobic composition is the putrefactive breakdown of the organic matter by reduction the absence of oxygen, leading to the production of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).In recent years there has been a great interest in applying the anaerobic digestion process for the processing of the organic fraction of MSW because of opportunity to recover the methane and the fact that digested material is similar to compost produce aerobically.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

There are 3 basic steps involved in the process of producing the methane from organic fraction of MSW. The first step involves the preparation of organic fraction of the MSW. It also receives sorting and preparation and size reduction at the source level. The second step involves the addition of moisture and nutrients blending pH adjustment to about 6.8 and maintain a temperature of 550C. The anaerobic digestion is carried out in continuous flow reactor so that the contents are mixed completely. In the third step the mixed content after digestion as it out flow from the reactor it as to be reintroduce so that the microbial activity is kept continuously in progress.

PROCESS MICROBIOLOGY:

In the anaerobic composting of wastes, a number of anaerobic organisms work together to bring about the conversion of organic portion of the wastes to a stable end product. In anaerobic fermentation, the formation of methane takes place by. 1. The conversion of methane and water.

The picture below shows different types of food waste introduced into the pilot

CO

2

and hydrogen to

2. The conversion of formate and acetate to

6 Volume XXXXV ● Number 1 ● April 2017

Proteins Amino acids Lipids + O2+ Carbohydrates Nutrients Cellulose + Microorganisms ⎯→

Compost + New cells (Facultative and obligate aerobic thermophilic

⏐ ↓ Lignin Dead cells+

Ash CO2+

methane, carbon dioxide and water The methanogens and acidogens form a syntrophic (mutually beneficial) relationship in which the methanogens convert fermentation end products such as hydrogen, formate and acetate to methane and carbon dioxide and water.The methanogens are able to utilize the hydrogen produced by acidogens. The utilisation of hydrogen, produced by the acidogens and other anaerobes by the methanogens is termed as interspecies hydrogen transfer. In effect the methanogenic bacteria remove compounds that would inhibit the growth of acidogens.

Anaerobic transformation of solid waste can be described Organic matter New cell + + resistant by H

2

O + following Nutrients equation.

→ + Organic Matter + CO

2

+ CH

4

+ NH

3

+ H

2

S + Heat

METHODOLOGY; Aerobic Decomposition

For the purpose of aerobic composting a tank of dimension 3x.75x.5 m was constructed. The volume of the tank is 1.125m3. The materials used for constructing the tank were solid blocks, rapid hardening cement, fine aggregates and weather proof course. The tank was provided with the required slope in order to collect the leachate from one end of the tank. The pilot model built was cured for the required period and then the waste was introduced. For the purpose of composting a part of the total waste was chosen amounting to 280kgs. This was segregated from the starchy foods like roties, chapaties as also, oils, fats, meat, and bones. The food waste included for composting were only vegetable peals fruits green vegetables and also cooked food like rice grams and cereals.

Since the model was built next to sewage treatment plant, there was a constant production of slurry from the plant. The slurry obtained was collected and dried. The food waste of 50 kgs was introduced into the tank uniformly spread across the length and breadth of the tank every day. The dried slurry of 10 Kgs was laid over the food waste and 2 such layers were prepared every day. The moisture content of the food waste was determined before introducing into the tank. Test on moisture content were conducted and the moisture content was found to be 61 percent when the food was introduced into the tank. After introducing food waste temperature was recorded. The temperature varied between 35 degrees to 40 degrees. This was created by the windrows. Turning used to be done once in a week. The process was carried for 3 weeks with food waste introducing 50 Kgs each day 4 times.

There was a rapid rise in the temperature in the initial stages due to the biological activity. The temperature variation due to aeration system was recorded upto 5 degrees in two weeks .Temperature started falling as the biodegradable organic carbon is decreased. The lechate collected during the process was as little as one litre .This was reintroduced into waste water treatment plant.

Parameters Values (mg/L)

This study

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sample Sample Sample Sample

Average pH 4.42 4.24 4.66 4.68

Volume reduction with time Time (weeks) Volume reduced (Litres approx)

1 500

2 380

3 295

4 180

5 110

7 Volume XXXXV ● Number 1 ● April 2017

1st Test Sample

PROCESS OF DECOMPOSITION

It was noticed that several microorganisms had developed in the tank for bringing out the decomposition of food waste into organic matter.

Screening

In the process of screening 350 micron sieve was used to carry out screening. By screening the large lumps of organic matter could be broken into a fine medium. The product resulted out of the process is in the form of coarse grain powder having large surface area with different particle sizes. Decrease in size of the particle indicates the size reduction.

Compost

The compost obtained is of total quantity of 110 kgs. This serves as a fertilizer and also as manure for the greeneries distributed across the campus. The compost obtained out of the food waste when tested for its nutrient values was found to include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous,potassium and results are tabulated.

Parametres Values

pH (1:5) 6.43

EC (1:100) 0.86

N (%) 0.77

P (%) 0.45

K (%) 0.41

ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION

Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter is brought about by putrefactive bacteria. These organisms will make use of nitrogen, phosphorous and other nutrients to live and to develop cell protoplasm, and they reduce the organic nitrogen to organic acids and ammonia. The carbon from the organic compounds which is not utilized in the cell protein is liberated mainly in the reduced form of

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The Picture below shows the final product as fertilizer or manure produced out of the food waste generated from the college canteens

methane. A small portion of carbon maybe respired as carbon di-oxide.

For anaerobic decomposition a pilot digester was fabricated out of mild steel. The digester is of floating type which does not allow the atmospheric air to interact within the food particles introduced to the outer cylinder.

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Anaerobic Digester.

Compressor

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ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN DIGESTER

The material chosen for fabricating the equipment was mild steel. This model includes several parts to be welded and screwed.(Such as introducing inlets and outlets separately into the system). The model was painted with primer coating of 1mm in order to avoid rusting. In order to make sure that the model was leak proof, it was completely filled with water and let for 48 hours noting the initial height of the inner cylinder on the central pipe. After 48 hours it was noted that there was no drop in the rise of the inner cylinder. This ensured us that the tank was leak proof for water or air. Introduction of Food Waste and Slurry: In order to initiate the microbial activity in the food waste, cow dung was introduced in to the outer cylinder by mixing it with water on a proportion of 1:2. All the food waste which was collected from all the canteens of the campus was found to be of larger amount for which the pilot model was not sufficient to accommodate. Hence only 4 kg of food waste was introduced initially.since the inlet of the model was restricted by size. Either food particles below 30 mm sizes or by reducing the size to 30mm were introduced. The food waste mainly consisted of vegetable and fruit peel and cooked food excluding other hard food. The food waste was added for 5 days continuously. During each days process the introduced food consisting of carbohydrates, fats and proteins was getting converted into sugars, fatty acids, amino acids in the process of hydrolysis. In converting these acids into carbonic acids, alcohols, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and ammonia, acedogens or acid formers play a vital role. A third group of microorganisms known as methane formers convert the hydrogen, acetic acid and the carbon dioxide into methane gas and co2. These bacteria are strictly anaerobic and are responsible for conversion. The food waste was slowly increased by quantity up to 8 kgs in due course of 15 days. With the rise in the inner cylinder over the central pipe it

was noticed that the biogas was collected within the inner cylinder. Since the decomposed food waste rises to the top it covers the daily introduced food at the bottom of the tank.

The biogas consisted of methane, carbon dioxide and other gases quantity of gas obtained, mainly it was when H

2

S. tested In the total found to be consisting of 65 – 70 percent methane. The volume of gas produced was found to be 0.5 to 0.75m3 per kg of volatile solids destroyed. The pressure of this gas produced within the inner cylinder when measured was determined to be about 5- 7 kg per cm2.

As the pressure which was delivered by the pilot model was not sufficient enough for the gas to be utilized in various applications, the gas needed to be compressed in order to develop a better pressure. A manually operated pressure pump was designed and fabricated in order to compress the gas. The pump so designed has an inlet,an outlet& a well fabricated enclosed cylinder with a piston. A lever had to be used for pumping the gas. The compressor had a capacity of 0.150ft3 for every cycle (to and fro movement of lever). The pilot model delivered a pressure of 5-7kg/cm2 where as when the gas had been compressed into a gas cylinder a pressure of about 15 kg/cm2 was obtained.

RESULTS

The compost and the biogas produced out of the food waste generated from the college messes and the canteens have various applications. The compost produced out of the waste will be used as manure for the greeneries in and around the campus. As the compost consists of good nutrients it finds the use as fertilizer for plants. This reduces the cost of chemical fertilizer used to maintain the flora around the college campus. The process is environmental friendly by reducing the cost on transport, labor and saves the land nutrition.

Biogasification

The biogas was utilized in uncompressed and compressed form and found to have many applica- tions which could be used for different applications in the campus.

Uncompressed Gas

This gas can be used to burn mantel lamp. An attempt was made to burn a lamp over 2 hours spending 10 cubic ft.

The same uncompressed gas was tested for flame by burning the Bunsen burner. The blue flame indicated the presence of methane.

Compressed Gas

The gas was compressed mechanically using a

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crude compressor designed for this project. The compressed gas when filled into the commercial cylinder finds its applications in cooking. The biogas was compressed to a pressure of 15 kg per cm2 into a commercial cylinder and was connected to the canteen gas pipeline for cooking food.

The gas was compressed mechanically using a crude compressor designed for this project. The compressed gas when filled into the commercial cylinder finds its applications in cooking. The biogas was compressed to a pressure of 15 kg per cm2 into a commercial cylinder and was connected to the canteen gas pipeline for cooking food.

The gas demand can also be defined using the daily cooking times. The gas consumption per person and meal lies between 150 and 300 litres biogas. For 1 litre of water to be cooked 30-40 litres of biogas, for half kg rice 120 – 140 litres of gas are required.

Biogas Lamps

The compressed gas has an application in illuminating mantle lamps. The bright light of a mantel lamp is the result of incandescence. The intense heat induced luminosity of special metals, so called rare earth like thorium, cerium are 1000 – 2000 centigrade. The light output is comparable with normal 40 watt bulb. One lamp consumes 120 – 150 litres biogas per day.

Automobiles

The compressed gas can be used for running automobiles for commuting within the campus. To demonstrate this, the gas was compressed into a commercial cylinder and when connected to automobile like the auto rickshaw with slight changes in the combustion engine was found to be useful in commuting short distances within the campus.

Biogas-fueled Gen Set

If the output of a biogas system is to be used for fueling engines, the plant must produce at least 10 m3 biogas per day. For example, to generate 1 KWH electricity with a generator, about 1m3 biogas is required. Small-scale systems are therefore unsuitable as energy suppliers for engines.

CONCLUSIONS

The institution is spread over an area of 29 acres and houses about 4 canteens including a student's mess. The college produces on an average 550Kgs of food waste every day. This waste can be used as the input to the system. The system generates bio-gas using anaerobic decomposition

and organic compost using aerobic decomposition. A separate compression unit also has been developed for compressing the bio-gas generated. The system is one of the very few attempts to use food waste as input. The pilot bio-gas plant can take an input of about 500 liters of food waste while the composting plant can take an input of about 1000 liters of food waste. The results obtained included: ➢ Production of 110 kilos of compost using food

waste of about 270 kilos ➢ Generation of about 3 cubic meters of gas for

an input of 200 kilos of food waste The applications demonstrated by the pilot are: ➢ Use of the bio-gas generated for cooking food

in the canteen ➢ Illumination of mantel lamps ➢ Running of an automobile using compressed

gas The canteen produces about 500 kilos of food waste every day comprising vegetable peels and cooked food. The system when implemented in a larger scale would provide the following benefits:

Generation of Compost ➢ Meet the gardening requirements in the

campus ➢ Saving of money on transport, labour, ➢ Stop ill-effects of disposing unprocessed food

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waste directly to the environment. Ill-effects include health hazards, foul smell, generation of leachate gases, etc.

REFERENCES 1. J. Walter Fitts& Jerry B. Fitts, "Under- standing Composting", ISBN: 0-86619-207- 7[C] 1984. 2. Experimental Studies of Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste Using a Bioreactor with Integral Flow Features1Charles N. Agulanna, 1Goddy N. Onuoha, 2Emmanuel E. Anyanwu,1Projects Development Institute (PRODA) Enugu,PMB 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria2Federal University of Technology 3. Characteristics of municipal solid waste and a proposed management plan for Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Resource conservation and Recycling 5, pp 166-174, 2009. 4. R.M.Espinosaet. al., Integrated urban solid waste management programme in Mexican University. Waste Management, 28, pp 527- 532, 2008. 5. Veronica Ebot Manga et. al., Waste management in Cameroon – A new policy perspective. Resource conservation and Recycling. 52, pp 592-600, 2008

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